Chapter Two (Review of Literature)
Introduction
Subsections based on a deductive approach
Summary
Topic: Design and implementation cybersecurity based signcryption technique to increase the data confidentiality and integrity level in a distributed database system
UC Graduate School Dissertation Handbook 2019-2020 DISSERTATION HANDBOOK 2 Table of Contents Introduction 3 Doctoral Program and Dissertation Process 3 Purpose of Handbook 3 Dissertation Committee 3 Committee Members 3 Choosing committee members 3 Committee chair responsibilities 4 Responsibilities of other committee members 5 Candidate responsibilities 5 Dissertation Guidelines 6 Choosing a Research Topic 6 Dissertation Timeline 6 Dissertation Style 7 Quantitative Dissertations 7 Qualitative Dissertations 8 Final Document 9 Dissertation Research Approval Process 9 Oral Defense 10 Graduation 11 Appendix A: Quantitative Dissertation Information 12 Appendix B: Qualitative Dissertation Information 14 Appendix C: Dissertation Defense Rubric 19 Appendix D: Reporting Statistical Tests 20 DISSERTATION HANDBOOK 3 Introduction Doctoral Program and Dissertation Process The Graduate School at the University of the Cumberlands offers Doctor of Business Administration, Doctor of Education, and Doctor of Philosophy degrees. The doctoral dissertation, designed to evaluate the candidate’s capabilities as a scholar, is the final academic requirement of the DBA, EdD, and PhD programs. Candidates complete the dissertation during professional research courses (LEAR 736, 839, 930, 931), which are the last four courses taken during the program. This handbook sets forth the guidelines for completing the dissertation process. Purpose of Handbook The purpose of this handbook is to guide candidates through the dissertation process including writing, defense, and final document submission. Candidate and committee member responsibilities are outlined, writing guidelines are detailed and examples provided, required sections for each chapter, and printing guidelines for the final dissertation document are included. The handbook is to be used by instructors, dissertation chairs, and committee members to ensure maintenance of high standards related to the form and appearance of dissertations. Dissertation Committee Dissertation committees are made up of three members; the dissertation chair and two committee members. Each member has specific responsibilities as outlined below. Committee Members Choosing committee members. While enrolled in LEAR 930, the candidate and dissertation chair will identify instructors to serve on his/her dissertation committee. The dissertation course instructor will serve as the dissertation chair. Other members are to be instructors teaching at the DISSERTATION HANDBOOK 4 graduate level at University of the Cumberlands. These members should be chosen based on dissertation topic expertise and candidate needs. Dissertation chairs will provide candidates with a list of instructors available to serve on committees. Committee chair responsibilities. Responsibilities of the committee chair include: Advising the candidate through the dissertation process. Guiding the candidate in the selection of two additional committee members. Assisting the candidate in meeting deadlines for completion of the dissertation. Assisting the candidate in navigating the IRB approval process. Guiding the candidate in achieving a high level of technical and ethical quality in the dissertation research. Advising the candidate in the selection of methods/procedures for data collection and analysis. Advising the candidate in proper APA style. Determining when a document is ready for review by the committee and communicate such with committee members. The candidate should avoid consulting the full committee for feedback without prior approval of the chair. Advising the candidate in preparation for the dissertation defense. Notifying the department chair of the date, time, and location of all dissertation defense meetings. Submitting the defense scoring rubric from committee members to the department chair in a timely manner after the defense. Submitting a print-ready copy of the dissertation to the department chair prior to the anticipated graduation date of the candidate. DISSERTATION HANDBOOK 5 Responsibilities of other committee members. Responsibilities of other committee members include: Providing subject matter expertise as requested by the chair or candidate. Reading drafts and providing meaningful feedback. Corresponding with the chair and candidate as needed for clarification and resolution of methodological issues during the dissertation process. Immediately notifying candidate and dissertation chair when major flaws that are likely to result in a candidate’s unsuccessful defense are identified. Signing the signature page of the dissertation in a timely manner. Candidate Responsibilities Responsibilities of the dissertation candidate include: Coordinating with the dissertation chair to select committee members based on expertise in the dissertation topic area. The candidate is encouraged to select at least one member with expertise in data collection and analysis. Completing the IRB process to obtain approval for research before collecting data. Choosing a topic, submitting proofread drafts of materials to the chair, preparing adequately for consultations, and communicating on a regular basis with the chair. Contacting the chair in the event of any significant change in personal or professional situation which may interfere with program completion. Successfully defending research. DISSERTATION HANDBOOK 6 Submitting an error-free, print-ready copy of dissertation as a pdf document to the dissertation chair and the Graduate School office in a timely manner after a successful defense. Printing a minimum of two one-sided copies using white, 24 lb. résumé paper. Submitting a minimum of two printed copies of dissertation to program office prior to the end of the semester. Dissertation Guidelines Choosing a Research Topic Candidates begin thinking about dissertation topics when applying for admission to the program. The dissertation topics must be grounded in theory, related to program goals, and have specific implications for practitioners. Candidates are encouraged to choose research topics of personal relevance and significance. When opportunities arise in coursework, candidates should begin researching these topics in the form of literature reviews and other assignments that allow for research. The research topic will be narrowed to a research study and approved by the department chair/director when candidates enroll in the first dissertation course, LEAR 736. The link for topic approval is provided through the Graduate School. Dissertation Timeline The dissertation topic is approved by the Graduate School and department when candidates are enrolled in LEAR 736. The review of literature is completed while enrolled in LEAR 736, and Chapter Two of the dissertation is written. This is a requirement for enrolling in LEAR 839. While enrolled in LEAR 839, candidates complete Chapter One, the introduction to the study, and Chapter Three, the methodology section. Candidates must get approval for their research DISSERTATION HANDBOOK 7 from the Institutional Review Board while enrolled in LEAR 839, before collecting any data. A completed Chapter One and Chapter Three and IRB approval are required before candidates enroll in LEAR 930. Candidates complete Chapter Four, which presents their research findings, while enrolled in LEAR 930. Once enrolled in LEAR 931, candidates complete Chapter Five. In Chapter Five, candidates interpret their findings, discuss implications of those findings, present recommendations for further study and action, and discuss how their study fills a gap in the literature and contributes to leadership. The final step in the dissertation process is the oral defense, which is completed in LEAR 931-935. Once the study is successfully defended, candidates submit printed copies of the dissertation to the department chair. At that time, the department chair recommends the candidate for graduation. The DBA, EdD, and PhD programs are designed for dissertations to be completed in four courses. Candidates needing additional time may enroll in additional courses providing the total time in the program does not exceed five years. Enrollment in courses beyond LEAR 931 must be approved by the department chair. Dissertation Style The dissertation, a scholarly document, is written for professionals in the field. The dissertation may include a quantitative, qualitative, or mixed methods study. Quantitative Dissertations While there is no set number of pages, a dissertation typically includes approximately 100 pages for quantitative studies. The quantitative dissertation follows a five chapter format and deductive approach (see Appendix A). The sixth edition of the Publication Manual of the DISSERTATION HANDBOOK 8 American Psychological Association (APA) is the style manual to be used in writing the dissertation. All APA guidelines should be followed. Qualitative Dissertations Unlike the EdD and Quantitative PhD dissertations, which follow a five-chapter format, the qualitative dissertation is not bound by those requirements. Rather, the qualitative dissertation should be approximately 45,000 words. This word requirement applies to the text of the dissertation only; it does not cover the title page, acknowledgements, table of contents, or other non-content related pages. Thus, with a small indulgence in tautology, the dissertation, should be as long as it needs to be, as long it meets the minimum word requirement. The Graduate School requires the use of footnotes (when necessary), citations, and references for all qualitative dissertations. All qualitative dissertations should be double-spaced, typed in 12pt, Times New Roman with 1” margins. Footnotes must be in 10pt Times New Roman with a double space between notes, but a single space inside the note itself. The acknowledgements and other non-textual pages at the beginning of the dissertation should be in roman numerals at the bottom-center of the page, and they should be continuous. The title page does not have a page number. When quoting, place punctuation marks inside the quotation marks. For visual examples of the title page, bibliography, and general formatting, please refer to the Chicago Manual of Style, 17th Edition and Kate L. Turabian's Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations (8th ed.). Final Document The final dissertation document must be submitted while enrolled in the last research course, typically LEAR 931. The final document is submitted after the successful oral defense is DISSERTATION HANDBOOK 9 presented and all committee member recommended edits have been made. An error-free, printready copy of dissertation is submitted as a pdf document after a successful defense. The copy is to be submitted electronically to the dissertation chair and the Graduate School. Candidates print a minimum of two one-sided copies using white, 24 lb. resume paper. Candidates then submit a minimum of two printed copies of the dissertation to the program office prior to the designated semester deadline. After having those copies bound, the UC Binding Department will return the two copies to the candidate. If the candidate wishes to keep more than two bound copies, he/should submit the number desired. The Binding Department will bill the student for the additional copies at a minimal cost per copy. Dissertation Research Approval Process Approval for conducting the dissertation research must be obtained while enrolled in LEAR 839 and is a pre-requisite to enrolling in LEAR 930. The Institutional Review Board application to conduct research and all supporting documents must be submitted in LEAR 839. The dissertation chair will review the document, and then the student should submit the documents to the Department of study (Leadership Studies, Counseling, Business, or IT). Candidates will receive an IRB Approval Letter once the research has been approved. No research is to be executed until IRB approval is granted and all necessary consents (adults) and assents (minors) are secured from participants. The IRB Approval Letter is to be placed in the dissertation as Appendix A. DISSERTATION HANDBOOK 10 Oral Defense While enrolled in the final dissertation course, the candidate must present an oral defense of her/his research. This oral defense is presented after the committee chair and all committee members have given feedback and all edits have been made to the dissertation document. The Department of Leadership Studies will schedule the defense session. All three committee members must be present for the oral defense. The oral defense session normally takes 45-60 minutes. The committee members and chair will ask questions and offer comments. The candidate will then be dismissed for committee deliberation. Once the committee and chair have deliberated and reached a decision, the candidate will be invited to re-join the group for the committee decision. The committee will make one of the following decisions: approved with no revisions, approved with minor revisions, provisionally approved with major revisions, or not approved with recommendation to write a new dissertation. If one of the first two decisions is made, the committee chair will work with the candidate to get the final document ready to send to the department chair for review. If the committee decision requires major revisions or a new dissertation, the candidate will enroll in another research course to complete the revisions or rewrite. The defense must be successfully completed by the department defense deadline for the semester. The dissertation chair and committee will evaluate the candidate using the department rubric (see Appendix C). DISSERTATION HANDBOOK 11 Graduation Candidates should apply for graduation at the beginning of the semester in which they plan to graduate. The application for graduation is located at https://inside.ucumberlands.edu/academics/registrar/graduation_application.php. Once the research has been successfully defended and copies of the dissertation are received by the department chair, the department chair will notify the registrar that the candidate has completed all program requirements and is eligible to graduate. Graduation exercises are held in May. Candidates are hooded during the graduation exercise. DISSERTATION HANDBOOK 12 Appendix A Quantitative Dissertation Format Title Page Signature Page Acknowledgements Abstract (150 words maximum) Table of Contents List of Tables Chapter One (Introduction) Overview Background and Problem Statement Purpose of the Study Research Questions Theoretical Framework Limitations of the Study Assumptions Definitions Summary Chapter Two (Review of Literature) Introduction Subsections based on a deductive approach Summary Chapter Three (Procedures and Methodology) Introduction Research Paradigm (qualitative or quantitative) Research Design Sampling Procedures and or/ Data Collection Sources (reference Informed Consent and IRB approval placed in Appendices) Statistical Tests Summary DISSERTATION HANDBOOK 13 Chapter Four (Research Findings) Introduction Participants and Research Setting Analyses of Research Questions (one at a time) Supplementary Findings (if any) Summary Chapter Five (Summary, Discussion, and Implications) Introduction Practical Assessment of Research Question(s) Limitations of the Study Implications for Future Study Summary References Appendices (This section contains any tables, figures and possible data sources that could not be placed in the text of the paper due to its size, as well as copies of consent forms and IRB letters.) DISSERTATION HANDBOOK 14 Appendix B Qualitative Dissertation Information Title Page Signature Page Acknowledgements Abstract (150 words maximum) Table of Contents Introduction (Example): Title of Your Project Overview The introduction is where you will establish for your readers the overall scope of your project. You will establish the topic, the thesis, and general thesis map. It is in the Introduction where you “hook” your readers into wanting to know more about your topic and argument. In many ways, this your chance to show off your writing, thinking, and expertise on the subject as the Introduction serves as your place to show the readers why your project is important and worthwhile. Please note several things regarding the format. First, at the top-center, you note the Introduction, Chapter, Table of Contents, Acknowledgments, or Dedication, placing a colon at the end. Second, for the Introduction and Chapters, you will then space one line down, and place the title of each chapter. The exceptions are Introduction where you will place the dissertation’s title and Chapter 1, which you will title “Literature Review.” From there, double-space between the chapter title and the start of the text. Please note: unlike this example, the page number at the start of the Introduction and each chapter must be bottom-center. DISSERTATION HANDBOOK 15 Despite the open-ended nature of the qualitative dissertation, each dissertation must start with an Introduction. In the “Introduction,” the author must present his or her research project, the overall scope of the work, and produce the general thesis of the work as well a thesis map elaborating the sub-topics/extent of each chapter. The thesis map should logically support the thesis statement. The introduction of each chapter should be the only place where an outright thesis statement and map are used. The thesis can (and probably should) be referred to throughout the work, but it should be done in a more subtle, literary style. Allow the introduction to be the place where you state the thesis in a bold, upfront, and “in your face” manner. Chapter One After the Introductory chapter, Chapter One of the dissertation should be your Literature Review. Here, you will elaborate and engage what the secondary literature says about the general topic you are writing about. You are expected to discuss and analyze both the seminal works – those writings which have had an important and lasting impact on how a topic is understood – on the topic as well lesser-known contributions. You should make special note of potential trends, how understanding of the topic has changed over time, and any potential paradigms that might have emerged and been influential on the writings on your topic. This does not mean, however, you must cover everything ever written on the topic or even talk about them in glowing terms. Remember, be critical and set your perspective and work apart from the other pieces on the subject. For many topics, it would take a lifetime or more to master that literature. Rather, a good-faith effort to master the literature is what is expected. After the Introduction and Chapter One, the rest is up to you. You will spend the next chapters (however many) elaborating your contribution and understanding of the topic. These chapters need to be primary sourcedriven. The last element of the textual part of the dissertation must be a Conclusion. In it, you must provide a general overview of the literature, what your work just argued, and offer suggestive questions for future researchers on the topic. DISSERTATION HANDBOOK 16 Appendix C Dissertation Evaluation Rubric Standard Score 4 3 2 1 Score I. Demonstrates critical and reflective thinking capable of facilitating institutional, informational technology, or business related problem-solving or school/ college improvement. Accurately assesses two issues affecting an institution’s effectiveness as well as offers a convincing argument for improvement. Accurately assesses two issues affecting an institution’s effectiveness. Accurately assesses one issue affecting an institution’s performance. No evidence is presented. II. Demonstrates consideration for the impact of leadership, information technology, or business on institutional constituents. Shows balance between the needs of two or more constituent groups while maintaining organizational goals. Shows realistic consideration for the needs of two or more constituent groups. Shows realistic consideration for the needs of one constituent group. No evidence is presented. III. Demonstrates effective analytical and communication skills. Demonstrates a professional level of skills associated with formatting, grammar, spelling, syntax, and use of numbers. Demonstrates acceptable skills associated with formatting, grammar, spelling, syntax, and use of numbers. Needs minor improvement in skills associated with formatting, grammar, spelling, syntax, and use of numbers. Needs significant improvement in skills associated formatting, grammar, spelling, syntax, and use of numbers. IV. Demonstrates knowledge of genres, paradigms, theories or trends in business, criminal justice, education, English, health sciences, history, information technology, math, nursing, psychology, religion, or student personnel services. Subject is identified, realistic, and grounded in a recognized genre, paradigm, theory, or trend. Subject is identified and is realistic, but it lacks grounding in a recognized genre, paradigm, theory, or trend. Subject is identified but is not realistic or grounded in a recognized genre, paradigm, theory, or trend. Subject area is not established. Score DISSERTATION HANDBOOK 17 Appendix D Reporting Statistical Tests For quantitative dissertations, the statistical tests are reported in the abstract and Chapter Four. The alpha should be set at .05. Some common examples of tests used in quantitative analysis are listed below as examples. All statistical symbols are italicized. For all tests listed below, report the degrees of freedom (except the Spearman’s rs, where you report the number of pairs). Symbol Report findings Null hypothesis Chi-Square Test X 2 (X 2 [df, N = ] = result, p < or > .05) The variables are independent. Spearman’s rs rs (rs [number of pairs] = result, p < or > .05) There is no relationship between the ranked data. t-test (Independent and paired samples) t (t [df] = result, p < or > .05) There is no difference in the means. ANOVA F F [df] = result, p < or > .05) There is no difference in the means. (If the null hypothesis is rejected, then run post-hoc testing). Regression or Pearson Product moment correlation coefficient r r r [df] = result, p < or > .05) There is no relationship between the variables. *For additional tests, please follow current APA guidelines.
Subject domain: Information technology
Keywords: Cybersecurity, data security and privacy concern
Problem statement 1
Nowadays, cyber-physical system (CPS), plays a significant role in the field of big data or cloud environment for network interaction among computational and physical components (Challa et al., 2020). CPSs is also called as smart system. It provides data analysis, design and abstraction method to the entire system through integrating software and network with dynamics of physical processes. The implementation of cybersecurity system is resulted to increase the stability of the system, efficiency, usability, fault tolerance, data/ user flexibility and cost-efficiency. These requirements are fulfilled by cloud computing, that also supports to increase the data interactivity and complexity of communications within the system (Wu & Moon, 2018). Cloud computing minimizes the infrastructure costs by affording on-demand access to shared processing resources. In such environments, to ensure the quality of service, data security, and privacy concern become more complex. It may happen due to the increase of data connectivity level among sheer volume and physical assets and exchanged data pervasiveness over the distributed database system. On the other hand, its difficult to track attacks from insiders because they might easily hide their digital information by debilitating or manipulating security mechanisms. These issues can be resolved by three key features of security services that includes data integrity, data availability and data confidentiality (Nigoti et al., 2013); (Song & Moon, 2020). These three objectives are attained by effective cryptographic technique over the cloud environment (Mohana Prabha & Vidhya Saraswathi, 2020). So the present study focuses on an effective model by considering cybersecurity based signcryption technique to protect the data from unauthorized and untrusted distributed environment that should not reveal any meaningful data even if they have access to the data storage. This will increase the data confidentiality and data integrity level in distributed database system.
Suggested topic 1:
Design and implementation cybersecurity based signcryption technique to increase the data confidentiality and integrity level in a distributed database system
References
Challa, S., Das, A.K., Gope, P., Kumar, N., Wu, F. & Vasilakos, A. V. (2020). Design and analysis of authenticated key agreement scheme in cloud-assisted cyber–physical systems. Future Generation Computer Systems. [Online]. 108. pp. 1267–1286. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0167739X17326328.
Colorafi, K. & Bailey, B. (2016). It’s time for innovation in the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA). JMIR medical informatics. [Online]. 4 (4). pp. e34. Available from: https://medinform.jmir.org/2016/4/e34.
Greg, P., Trevors, M. & Vrtis, R.A. (2018). A mapping of the health insurance portability and accountability act (HIPAA) security rule to the cyber resilience review (CRR). [Online]. CARNEGIE-MELLON UNIV PITTSBURGH PA PITTSBURGH United States. Available from: http://refhub.elsevier.com/S1084-8045(20)30116-8/sref38.
Imine, Y., Lounis, A. & Bouabdallah, A. (2020). An accountable privacy-preserving scheme for public information sharing systems. Computers & Security. [Online]. 93. pp. 101786. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0167404820300717.
Li, J., Gao, W., Zuo, W. & Liu, X. (2017). Association between rs17095355 polymorphism on 10q24 and susceptibility to biliary atresia: a meta-analysis. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine. [Online]. 30 (15). pp. 1882–1886. Available from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14767058.2016.1228102.
Liu, Z., Yan, H. & Li, Z. (2015). Server-aided anonymous attribute-based authentication in cloud computing. Future Generation Computer Systems. [Online]. 52. pp. 61–66. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167739X14002544.
Mohana Prabha, K. & Vidhya Saraswathi, P. (2020). Suppressed K-Anonymity Multi-Factor Authentication Based Schmidt-Samoa Cryptography for privacy preserved data access in cloud computing. Computer Communications. [Online]. 158. pp. 85–94. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140366420303844.
Nigoti, R., Jhuria, M. & Singh, S. (2013). A survey of cryptographic algorithms for cloud computing. [Online]. Citeseer. Available from: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.643.60.
Song, J. & Moon, Y. (2020). Security Enhancement Against Insiders in Cyber-Manufacturing Systems. Procedia Manufacturing. [Online]. 48. pp. 864–872. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2351978920315766.
Sun, P. (2020). Security and privacy protection in cloud computing: Discussions and challenges. Journal of Network and Computer Applications. [Online]. 160. pp. 102642. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1084804520301168.
Wu, M. & Moon, Y. (2018). DACDI (Define, Audit, Correlate, Disclose, and Improve) framework to address cyber-manufacturing attacks and intrusions. Manufacturing Letters. [Online]. 15. pp. 155–159. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213846317300858.
Outline- Design and Implementation of a Cybersecurity Based Signcryption Technique
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Design and Implementation of a Cybersecurity Based Signcryption Technique
Signcryption is a fairly new paradigm in public key cryptography that delivers on the functions of both public key encryption and digital signature in one single logical step in a manner that is cost-effective and enhances the integrity and security of data. There are various techniques and mechanisms that can be used to achieve the overall objective of singcryption. This paper will focus, almost exclusively on the design and implementation of the ‘XML-Signcryption’ as a preferred cybersecurity technique that can be used to protect an XML document and its information, which is applicable in other platforms (Han et al., 2013).
The signature and encryption of the syncryption technique are meant to protect the document and are designed to process the encryption and signature of the message separately, according to the standard specification of W3C (World Wide Web Consortium). In general, the signature and encryption would require around four times modular exponential operation if they were to be mutually exclusive. However, the syncryption technique proves more efficient and cost-effective as it only requires three times modular exponential operation. It also fosters convenience since both the signature and encryption implement in the form of one XML format (Han et al., 2013).
The technique is also useful because it saves on parsing time since the number of tags are fewer within the document. Additionally, and perhaps most importantly, the XML-Signcryption can be applied to the SOAP message, which in turn provides security and enhances data integrity. The system is generally poised to ensure data integrity through authentication and confidentiality, as well as non-repudiation of the message (the document).
References
Han, M.-J., Lee, Y.-K., & Shin, J.-H. (2013). Design and Implementation of a new XML-Signcryption scheme to protect the XML document. The KIPS Transactions:PartC, 10C(4), 405–412. https://doi.org/10.3745/kipstc.2003.10c.4.405