Read Georg Rusche and Otto Kirchheimer, “Foreword,” “Introduction,” and “Social Conditions and the Penal Administration in the Later Middle Ages,” from Punishment and Social Structure. Answer the following questions in 300-400 words, using complete sentences.

1. What, based on your reading, does the following statement mean: "Punishment as such does not exist; only concrete systems of punishment and specific criminal practices exist… Every system of production tends to discover punishments which correspond to its productive relationships." (Be clear about what "systems of production" are… you can find the answer in Chapter 1.)
2. Describe the original role of fines in medieval punishment. How did this role change over time?
3. When did property crimes become a major preoccupation of punishment? Why?
4. What are some differences between punishment as practiced by royal power (the king), and by the ascendant bourgeoisie?