Sample Survey on the Use of Contraceptive Drugs Among Female Students of the Faculty of Science Chapter One OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY This study was conducted with the following objectives: To determine if there exists any relationship among the different department of faculty of science and the use of contraceptive.

1. To know the best method to be used between the measure of central tendency and the stratified techniques.
2. To test for the significant different that exists between student and the attitude towards the contraceptives use.

CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

 INTRODUCTION

This chapter reviews the literature on the sample survey on the use of contraceptive drugs among female students of faculty of science. It discusses issues arising from the topic of interest as viewed from different perspectives, with a view of giving a theoretical and empirical foundation to the study.

LITERATURE REVIEW

The focus of my study is how students in heterosexual relationships relate to the issue of contraception and what social factors shape their attitudes and practices. I am motivated by studies which have revealed a gap between contraceptive awareness and contraceptive use and the negative social and health consequences of unprotected sex among young Nigerian students, including the spread of STIs and the risk associated with unsafe abortions resulting from unwanted pregnancies.

Reyna and Farley (2006) reported that although adults often believe that young people view themselves as invulnerable and are therefore incapable of rationally weighing risk and benefits, this is not true, as young people do weigh risk and benefits rationally. However, they also found that even when the benefit is perceived to be greater than the risk, they sometimes go ahead to take the risk. In line with this, Thamlikitkul (2006), in his article on ‘Bridging the gap between knowledge and action for health’, is of the opinion that knowledge about health issues in itself is not enough to improve peoples’ choices towards health practices. Rather for this to be achieved, knowledge must suit the existing diverse social and political context. According to Thamlikitkul, for the ‘know-do’ gap to be bridged, institutions responsible for reproductive health in developing countries need to “invest more resources in promoting professional communicators or intermediaries to narrow the gap as well as develop a culture

While these studies take different approaches to explaining decision-making and choice of options regarding health-related issues among young people, at the centre of them all is the common recognition of social factors impacting on the individual and influencing his/her choice of action regardless of the rational calculation of risk and benefits. Research in Nigeria has revealed that key issues such as gender relations, cultural beliefs and practices5, as well as contraceptive accessibility all play significant roles in influencing students’ decision or choice of action with regards to the use and non-use of contraceptives (Orji and Onwudiegwu, 2002; Izugbara and Modo, 2007; Olaleye et al, 2007; Sudhinaraset, 2008). These features, function to shape and inform students’ attitudes to reproductive health issues at tertiary institutions and even at later stages in life (Izugbara and Modo, 2007; Amos, 2007; Sudhinaraset, 2008; Omo-Aghoja et al, 2009; and Avong, 2012). I have thus factored them into my research design. Below I discuss briefly how I understand them in my study.

AN OVERVIEW OF CONTRACEPTION

Arguably, the practice of contraception is as old as human existence. Contraception refers to the deliberate prevention of pregnancy using any of several methods; contraceptives such as condoms also function to protect its users from contracting sexually transmitted infections (STIs) (Olugbenga-Bello, Abodunrin, and Adeomi, 2011; Obinna, 2011). Contraceptives that are reliable and safe (irrespective of whether they are reversible or not or designed for males or females) thus offer sexually active people the chance to lead a healthy sex life (Ogunbanjo and Bogaert 2004). The ideal contraceptive according to Guillebaud (2004) should be 100% effective, safe, convenient; it should be reversible, cheap, easily accessible, and acceptable to all religions and cultures. However, no form of contraceptive method, other than abstinence, has been proven to provide 100% protection in terms of pregnancy prevention or protection from STIs. Extensive research and clinical trials have led to improvement in existing methods of contraception and the development of new, more effective and acceptable methods with fewer side effects (Monjok et al, 2010). However, the level of effectiveness offered by contraceptives varies (Trussell and Raymond, 2012). According to Family Health International (FHI), cited in Steiner, Trussell, Mehta, Condon, Subramaniam and Bourne (2006), the failure rate of contr