Sustainable dyeing of cotton, silk and leather using natural dye from Bixa orellana seeds: Extraction, optimization and assessment of antibacterial activity

Using an array of extraction solvents (water, methanol, ethanol, ethanol: methanol (1:1)) and extraction techniques (direct heat (DH), ultrasonic water bath (USB), ultrasonic probe, (USP)), Bixa orellana seeds were utilized to produce a yellow-orange dye. The color strength of the extracted dye was investigated using a UV-Visible spectrophotometer to measure the absorbance wavelength. Using methanol as the solvent and 5 g of seed at 60°C for 60 min, the highest color yield was observed in USB. The functional groups identified in the extracted natural dye were described using an FTIR spectrophotometer. Using the ultrasonic water bath dyeing method at 60°C for 40 min without using any moderant, cotton, silk fabric, and leather were effectively colored in a yellow-orange color. The L * , a * , and b * values of the dyed material treated using the USB approach were 80. 95, 4.52, 75.35 for cotton, 88.65, -1.35, 62.85 for silk, and 79.55, 015.35, 66.45 for leather, respectively. Compared to the other bacterial reduction, 85.25% of the colored materials showed substantial antibacterial action against Staphylococcus sp. Vibrio sp. (76.69%), Pseudomonas sp. (75.83%), Klebsiella sp. (74.24%), and Micrococcus sp. (74.21%) were the following most prevalent bacteria. The ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) measurements showed that leather and cotton treated with B. orellana seed dye had higher UV radiation shielding properties.